Go in for the kill: How plants deploy effector-triggered immunity to combat pathogens

Proteomics of effector-triggered immunity (ETI) in plants

Effector-triggered immunity (ETI) was originally termed gene-for-gene resistance and dates back to fundamental observations of flax resistance to rust fungi by Harold Henry Flor in the 1940s. Since then, genetic and biochemical approaches have defined our current understanding of how plant "resistance" proteins recognize microbial effectors. More recently, proteomic approaches have expanded our...

Effector triggered immunity

Pathogenic bacteria produce virulence factors called effectors, which are important components of the infection process. Effectors aid in pathogenesis by facilitating bacterial attachment, pathogen entry into or exit from the host cell, immunoevasion, and immunosuppression. Effectors also have the ability to subvert host cellular processes, such as hijacking cytoskeletal machinery or blocking p...

Effector-triggered defence against apoplastic fungal pathogens

R gene-mediated host resistance against apoplastic fungal pathogens is not adequately explained by the terms pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP)-triggered immunity (PTI) or effector-triggered immunity (ETI). Therefore, it is proposed that this type of resistance is termed 'effector-triggered defence' (ETD). Unlike PTI and ETI, ETD is mediated by R genes encoding cell surface-localised ...

Go in for the kill

How Does Glyphosate Kill Plants?

Glyphosate (see Figure 1) herbicides are “among the world’s most widely used herbicides.”1 and glyphosate is “the world’s leading agrochemical.”2 Although glyphosate herbicides have been popular since they were first marketed in 1974, their use in agriculture has expanded recently with the increased use of crops that have been genetically modified to tolerate glyphosate treatment.3 Roundup is a...